Hind tilleri
Hind tilleri yaki Hind-ariy tilleri[1] (ingl. Indo-Aryan languages, rus. Индоари́йские языки) — hind-evropa tilleriniń bólimlerinen biri bolǵan hind-iran tilleri quramına kirgen (Iran tilleri hám jaqın bolǵan dard tilleri menen birge) tuwısqan tiller toparı. Tiykarınan Qubla Aziyada, sol qatarı Arqa hám Oraylıq Hindistan, Pakistannıń arqa wálayatları, Bangladesh, Shri-Lanka, Maldiv Respublikası, Nepal aymaqlarında tarqalǵan bul tillerde sóylewshiler sanı XXI ásir basında 800 mln. átirapında bolǵan[2]. Bunnan basqa, Hindistan yarım atawınan tısqarı, Arqa-batıs Evropa, Batıs Aziya, Arqa Amerika, Karib teńizi basseyni, Qubla-shıǵıs Afrika, Polineziya hám Avstraliyada, jáne, bir neshe million rumın tillerinde sóylesiwshiler toplanǵan Qubla-shıǵıs Evropada iri immigrant hám ekspatriaciya etilgen hind-ariy tillerinde sóylesiwshi jámáátler jasaydı. Búgingi kúnge kelip 200 den artıq hind-ariy tilleri málim[3].
Zamanagóy hind-ariy tilleri áyyemgi hind-ariy tillerinen, mısalı, dáslepki Vedik sanskritinen, Orta hind-ariy (Prakrit) tillerinen kelip shıqqan[4]. Sóylesiwshiler sanı boyınsha eń úlken tiller hind-urdu (shama menen 329 million)[5], bengal (242 million)[6], panjabi (shama menen 120 million)[7], maratxi (112 million), gudjarati (60 million), radjastxani (58 million), bxodjpuri (51 million), oriya (odiya) (35 million), maytxili (shama menen 34 million), sindxi (25 million), nepal (16 million), assam (15 million), chxattisgarxi (18 million), singal (17 million) hám cıgan (shama menen 3,5 million) tilleri bolıp tabıladı. 2005-jılǵı esap-kitaplarǵa qarasaq, hind-ariy tillerinde ana tili sıpatında sóylesiwshilardiń ulıwma sanı derlik 900 million adamdı quraydı [8].
Ádebiyatlar redaktorlaw
- Елизаренкова Т. Я. Исследования по диахронической фонологии индоарийских языков. М., 1974.
- Зограф Г. А. Морфологический строй новых индоарийских языков. М., 1976.
- Зограф Г. А. Языки Индии, Пакистана, Цейлона и Непала, М.. 1960.
- Трубачев О. Н. Indoarica в Северном Причерноморье. М., 1999.
- Чаттерджи С. К. Введение в индоарийское языкознание. М., 1977.
- Языки Азии и Африки. Т. 1: Индоарийские языки. М., 1976.
Derekler redaktorlaw
- ↑ Munshi, S (2009). "Indo-Aryan languages". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Language of the World. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 522-528.
- ↑ Overview of Indo-Aryan languages. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
- ↑ Various counts depend on where the line is drawn between a "dialect" and a "language"Glottolog 4.1 lists 224 languages.
- ↑ Burde, Jayant (2004). Rituals, Mantras, and Science: An Integral Perspective. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-208-2053-1. The Aryans spoke an Indo-European language sometimes called the Vedic language from which have descended Sanskrit and other Indic languages ... Prakrit was a group of variants which developed alongside Sanskrit."
- ↑ Standard Hindi first language: 260.3 million (2001), as second language: 120 million (1999). Urdu L1: 68.9 million (2001–2014), L2: 94 million (1999): Ethnologue 19.
- ↑ Bengali or Bangla-Bhasa, L1: 242.3 million (2011), L2: 19.2 million (2011), Ethnologue
- ↑ "Världens 100 största språk 2010"[The world's 100 largest languages in 2010]. Nationalencyclopedin (in Swedish).
- ↑ Bryant, Edwin Francis; Patton, Laurie L. (2005). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.